Which explains the change in ionization energy that occurs between removing the first and second electrons from an atom?
a. the ionization energy decreases because the ratio of the protons to electrons increases.
b. the ionization energy increases because the ratio of the protons to electrons increases.
c. the ionization energy decreases because the ratio of the protons to electrons decreases. d)the ionization energy increases because the ratio of the protons to electrons decreases.

Modern pennies are composed of zinc coated with copper. a student determines the mass of a penny to be 2.482 g and then makes several scratches in the copper coaling (to expose the underlying zinc). the student puts the scratched penny in hydrochloric acid, where the following reaction occurs between the zinc and the hcl (the copper remains undissolved): zn(s) + 2 hcl(aq) → h2(g) + zncl(aq)the student collects the hydrogen produced over water at 25 °c. the collected gas occupies a volume of 0.899 l at a total pressure of 79 j mmhg. calculate the percent zinc (by mass) in the penny. (assume that all the zn in the penny dissolves.)