How many electrons (dots or pairs in bonds) should surround each element in a lewis diagram (excluding hydrogen)?

The number of dots, electrons, surrounding the element in a Lewis diagram varies depending on what element it is, and what element it is bonding with to create a bond or several bonds. Its all dependent on what element you're being asked to make a Lewis diagram for and which elements your are boning.

the transfer of heat by electromagnetic radiation is called thermal radiation . it is usually carried out by electromagnetic waves in an energy range just below the visible spectrum, which is the infrared range.

so the answer would be radiation.

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