In a closed economy with only lump-sum taxation, if the marginal propensity to consume is equal to 0. 75, a $70 billion increase in government spending could cause a maximum increase in output of.

Anew 2-lane road is needed in a part of town that is growing. at some point the road will need 4 lanes to handle the anticipated traffic. if the city's optimistic estimate of growth is used, the expansion will be needed in 4 years and has a probability of happening of 40%. for the most likely and pessimistic estimates, the expansion will be needed in 8 and 15 years respectively. the probability of the pessimistic estimate happening is 20%. the expansion will cost $ 4.2 million and the interest rate is 8%. what is the expected pw the expansion will cost?

An electronics store is running a promotion where for every video game purchased, the customer receives a coupon upon checkout to purchase a second game at a 50% discount. the coupons expire in one year. the store normally recognized a gross profit margin of 40% of the selling price on video games. how would the store account for a purchase using the discount coupon?

Which of these is an example of innovation?