Rishaan likes cars and associates German automobile manufacturers with high levels of quality. He drives a Volkswagen Jetta and highly values the company. Recently, Volkswagen was fined due to emissions violations in its diesel cars that only activated anti-pollution controls when they were tested. On the road, Volkswagen's diesel models emitted up to 40 times more toxic fumes than permitted by law. One of Rishaan's friends, Jeff, asked him about the Volkswagen diesel emissions problem, but Rishaan said he wasn't aware of any problems. Jeff was surprised at Rishaan's response because he distinctly remembers forwarding an article to Rishaan about the problem and discussing the issue with him. What could account for the difference between Jeff and Rishaan's recollection of this issue

Aeuropean aircraft producer has spent 15 years in developing a new aircraft that would potential threaten long-lasting boeing's dominance (monopoly) in the same class of aircrafts. the new european aircraft gets high marks on all performance measures except noise. because of the noise, the european producers management is concerned that the us government may impose restrictions which would forbid their aircraft to land in some of the american airports. without restrictions the estimated (present discounted) profit would be 125 million usd. with the restrictions the profit would only be 25 million usd. the chances of both outcomes are estimated to be 50-50. management must decide now whether to the cost of redesign program problem and a 60% chance it will fail. should the european aircraft producer start the noise redesign program if they do not have any redesign parts of the aircraft to solve the noise problem. is 25 million usd. there is a 40% chance that redesign will solve the noise additional information than mentioned above? draw the decision tree, indicate probabilities and outcomes of the events * imagine that the company could find out in advance the outcome of the u.s. government's e find the expected value of perfect information about the u.s. government's decision. decision. draw a new decision tree, indicate probabilities and outcomes of the events.