Austin, a self-employed accountant, has been certified in his state. He mostly prepares financial records for small businesses and helps individuals file their tax returns. Which type of accountant is Austin?

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e.g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.

Pear co.’s income statement for the year ended december 31, as prepared by pear’s controller, reported income before taxes of $125,000. the auditor questioned the following amounts that had been included in income before taxes: equity in earnings of cinn co. $ 40,000 dividends received from cinn 8,000 adjustments to profits of prior years for arithmetical errors in depreciation (35,000) pear owns 40% of cinn’s common stock, and no acquisition differentials are relevant. pear’s december 31 income statement should report income before taxes of

Stormie zanzibar owns a bakery in the fictitious country of olombia. each month the government’s market ministry mails her a large list of the regulated price of goods which include products like bread, muffins and flat bread. the list also dictates the types of goods she can sell at the bakery and what she is to charge. because of the regulations placed on these goods, stormie has increased her production of sweets, pies, cakes, croissants and buns and decreased her supply of breads, muffins and flat bread. she has taken these steps because the sweet goods’ prices are not government controlled. stormie zanzibar lives under what type of economy?