14. Loan amortization and capital recovery Ian loaned his friend $25,000 to start a new business. He considers this loan to be an investment, and therefore requires his friend to pay him an interest rate of 9% on the loan. He also expects his friend to pay back the loan over the next four years by making annual payments at the end of each year. Ian texted and asked that you help him calculate the annual payments that he should expect to receive so that he can recover his initial investment and earn the agreed-upon 9% on his investment. Calculate the annual payment and complete the following capital recovery schedule: Year Beginning Amount Payment Interest Paid Principal Paid Ending Balance 1 $25,000.00 $2,272.73 $2,250.00 $5,466.72 $19,533.28 2 $19,533.28 $2,272.73 $1,758.00 $5,958.72 $13,574.56 3 $13,574.56 $2,272.73 $1,221.71 4 $7,079.55 -$0.01

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e.g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.