jand, inc., currently pays a dividend of $1.22, which is expected to grow indefinitely at 5%. if the current value of jand’s shares based on the constant-growth dividend discount model is $32.03, what is the required rate of return?

When cell phones were first entering the market, they were relatively large and reception was undependable. all cell phones were essentially the same. but as the technology developed, many competitors entered, introducing features unique to their phones. today, cell phones are only a small fraction of the size and weight of their predecessors. consumers can buy cell phones with color screens, cameras, internet access, daily planners, or voice activation (and any combination of these features). the history of the cell phone demonstrates what marketing trend?