Quantitative Problem: Ace Products has a bond issue outstanding with 15 years remaining to maturity, a coupon rate of 7.8% with semiannual payments of $39, and a par value of $1,000. The price of each bond in the issue is $1,260.00. The bond issue is callable in 5 years at a call price of $1,078. What is the bond's current yield

Externalities or spillover occurs when some of the benefits or the costs of production are not fully reflected in market demand or supply schedules.

The business cycle is the periodic but irregular up-and-down movement in economic activity, measured by fluctuations in real gross domestic product (gdp) and other macroeconomic variables. a business cycle is typically characterized by four phases—recession, recovery, growth, and decline—that repeat themselves over time. economists note, however, that complete business cycles vary in length. the duration of business cycles can be anywhere from about two to twelve years, with most cycles averaging six years in length. some business analysts use the business cycle model and terminology to study and explain fluctuations in business inventory and other individual elements of corporate operations. but the term "business cycle" is still primarily associated with larger (industry-wide, regional, national, or even international) business trends.