a stock’s contribution to the market risk of a well-diversified portfolio is called risk. it can be measured by a metric called the beta coefficient, which calculates the degree to which a stock moves with the movements in the market.

Apopular low-cost airline, parson corp., has gone out of business. although the service and price provided by the airline was what customers wanted, the larger airlines were able to drive the low-cost airline out of business through an aggressive price war. which component of the competitive environment does this illustrate?