A firm's debt-to-capital ratio increased from 30% to 40%. This increase could mean the following (each of which should be considered separately from the other meanings / observations): a. A firm has posted a net loss
b. All of th listed answers
c. A firm has been buying back its common shares
d. A firm has taken on more debt
e. None of the listed answers

If a firm plans to issue new stock, flotation costs (investment bankers' fees) should not be ignored. there are two approaches to use to account for flotation costs. the first approach is to add the sum of flotation costs for the debt, preferred, and common stock and add them to the initial investment cost. because the investment cost is increased, the project's expected return is reduced so it may not meet the firm's hurdle rate for acceptance of the project. the second approach involves adjusting the cost of common equity as follows: . the difference between the flotation-adjusted cost of equity and the cost of equity calculated without the flotation adjustment represents the flotation cost adjustment. quantitative problem: barton industries expects next year's annual dividend, d1, to be $1.90 and it expects dividends to grow at a constant rate g = 4.3%. the firm's current common stock price, p0, is $22.00. if it needs to issue new common stock, the firm will encounter a 6% flotation cost, f. assume that the cost of equity calculated without the flotation adjustment is 12% and the cost of old common equity is 11.5%. what is the flotation cost adjustment that must be added to its cost of retaine

Describe three scenarios in which you might utilize mathematics to investigate a crime scene, accident scene, or to make decisions involving police practice. be sure to explain how math is used in police as they work through each scenario.

Which of the following characteristics are emphasized in the accounting for state and local government entities? i. revenues should be matched with expenditures to measure success or failure of the government entity. ii. there is an emphasis on expendability of resources to accomplish objectives. a. i only b. ii only c. i and ii d. neither i nor ii