Inventors in developing countries are usually unable to capture the full benefit of their innovations. They therefore tend to devote too few resources to research. Government can address this problem of under-investment in research by (i) increasing restrictions on trade; (ii) establishing a patent system to provide inventors with exclusive control over their inventions for a period of time; (iii) subsidising the purchase of technology from other countries. a. only (i) is used.
b. only (ii) is used.
c. only (iii) is used.
d. (i), (ii) and (iii) are all used.