Assume that the farmer grows wheat and sells it to the miller, the miller turns the wheat into flour and sells it to the baker, and the baker turns the flour into bread and sells it to the final consumer. Refer to Exhibit 11-5 which summarizes the situation prior to the value added tax (VAT). If the government imposes a VAT rate of 10 percent, the baker must pay in VAT tax and will need to raise the price he charges the final consumer to .

Manipulation manufacturing's (amm) standards anticipate that there will be 5 pounds of raw material used for every unit of finished goods produced. amm began the month of maymay with 8,000 pounds of raw material, purchased 25,500 pounds for $ 15,300 and ended the month with 7,400 pounds on hand. the company produced 4,9004,900 units of finished goods. the company estimates standard costs at $ 1.10 per pound. the materials price and efficiency variances for the month of maymay were: