What problem makes public goods necessary?

when taxes are levied on transactions, irrespective of the party they are levied on, a. the government can absorb some of the surplus, but also creates a social loss since some of the wealth creating transactions are discouraged b. the government can absorb all the producer surplus from the transactions as revenue c. the government can absorb all of the surplus (producer and consumer) d. the government can absorb all the consumer surplus from the transactions as revenue