Most studies have shown that the initial stages of the pharmaceutical manufacturing process usually give rise to , while after the large fixed (sunk) costs are finally paid off, manufacturing of pharmaceutical products exhibits

Assume that the following conditions exist: a. all banks are fully loaned up- there are no excess reserves, and desired excess reserves are always zero. b. the money multiplier is 5 .     c. the planned investment schedule is such that at a 4 percent rate of interest, investment =$1450 billion. at 5 percent, investment is $1420 billion. d. the investment multiplier is 3 . e.. the initial equilibrium level of real gdp is $12 trillion. f. the equilibrium rate of interest is 4 percent now the fed engages in contractionary monetary policy. it sells $1 billion worth of bonds, which reduces the money supply, which in turn raises the market rate of interest by 1 percentage point. calculate the decrease in money supply after fed's sale of bonds: $nothing billion.

Bdj co. wants to issue new 22-year bonds for some much-needed expansion projects. the company currently has 9.2 percent coupon bonds on the market that sell for $1,132, make semiannual payments, have a $1,000 par value, and mature in 22 years. what coupon rate should the company set on its new bonds if it wants them to sell at par?

Suppose the government enacts a stimulus program composed of $600 billion of new government spending and $300 billion of tax cuts for an economy currently producing a gdp of $14 comma 000 billion. if all of the new spending occurs in the current year and the government expenditure multiplier is 1.5, the expenditure portion of the stimulus package will add nothing percentage points of extra growth to the economy. (round your response to two decimal places.)