Geoffrey is waiting for raw materials to be delivered to his company. He had asked the suppliers to deliver the materials by 8:00 am. He knew that the first shift begins at 9:00 am. Which stage of operational planning has Geoffrey performed here?

Fortress international, a large conglomerate, procures a few component parts from external suppliers and also manufactures some of the key raw materials in its own subsidiaries. aside from this, the company does not solely depend on outside distributors to reach its customers. in fact, it has its own retail stores to distribute its products. in this scenario, which of the following alternatives to vertical integration is fortress international applying? a. concentric integration b. taper integration c. horizontal integration d. conglomerate integration