All of the following led to the Panic of 1837 EXCEPT a excessive speculation. b taking the country off the gold standard. c Jackson's banking and financial policies. d failure of wheat crops. e financial problems abroad.

b taking the country off the gold standard.

Explanation:

First of all, the US adopted the silver standard in 1785, which was based on the Spanish silver dollar.  The US adopted the gold standard in 1834, and it remained in place until 1971 when president Richard Nixon decided that the US dollar would no longer be pegged to the value of gold.

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