Because of the magnitude of the potential losses that may be incurred by an investment bank participating in the sale of a large underwritten security issue, it is customary for a group of banks to create an underwriting syndicate to reduce the risk exposure of each participating bank. The investment bank that organizes and leads the syndicate is called the:. (Selling group, participating dealer, OR managing underwriter).

The business cycle is the periodic but irregular up-and-down movement in economic activity, measured by fluctuations in real gross domestic product (gdp) and other macroeconomic variables. a business cycle is typically characterized by four phases—recession, recovery, growth, and decline—that repeat themselves over time. economists note, however, that complete business cycles vary in length. the duration of business cycles can be anywhere from about two to twelve years, with most cycles averaging six years in length. some business analysts use the business cycle model and terminology to study and explain fluctuations in business inventory and other individual elements of corporate operations. but the term "business cycle" is still primarily associated with larger (industry-wide, regional, national, or even international) business trends.