Madison Square Stores has a $20 million bond issue outstanding that currently has a market value of $19.4 million. The bonds mature in 6.5 years and pay semiannual interest payments of $35 each. What is the firm's pretax cost of debt?

Suppose that electricity producers create a negative externality equal to $5 per unit. further suppose that the government imposes a $5 per-unit tax on the producers. what is the relationship between the after-tax equilibrium quantity and the socially optimal quantity of electricity to be produced?

Summarize the specific methods used by interest groups in order to influence governmental decisions making in all three branches of government. provide at least two examples from each branch.

At present, the united states has an embargo against north korea because a. the two countries have extremely poor political relations. b. north korea will not adopt a capitalist government. c. north korean products are too difficult to use. d. north korea has an embargo on american products. e. products from north korea are in higher demand than american-made products.