Corporation had net income for 2016 of $ 42 comma 000. GAZ had 16 comma 000 shares of common stock outstanding at the beginning of the year and 14 comma 000 shares of common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2016. During the year, GAZ declared and paid preferred dividends of $ 4 comma 500. Therefore, GAZ's earnings per share for 2016 is $ 2.50. Assume the market price of GAZ's common stock is $ 12 per share. Compute GAZ's price/earnings ratio. Select the formula, then enter the amounts to calculate the company's price/earnings ratio as of December 31, 2016. (Abbreviations used: Ave. = average, OS = outstanding, SE = stockholders' equity, shrs = shares. Round the ratio to two decimal places.) / = Price/earnings ratio / =

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e.g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.