The City of South Dundee budget for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017, included an appropriation for the police department in the amount of $8,700,000. During the month of July 2017, the following transactions occurred (in summary): Purchase orders were issued in the amount of $520,000.
Of the $520,000 in purchase orders, $480,000 were filled, with invoices amounting to $478,000.
Salaries, not encumbered, amounted to $287,000.
A budget appropriations reduction in the amount of $50,000 was approved by the city council.
Prepare an appropriations, expenditures and encumbrances ledger for the police department for the month of July. (Credit amounts should be indicated by a minus sign.)

Richardson hired j.c. flood company, a plumbing contractor, to correct a stoppage in the sewer line of her house. the plumbing company's 'snake' device, used to clear the line leading to the main sewer, became caught in the underground line. to release it, the company excavated a portion of the sewer line in richardson's backyard. in the process, the company discovered numerous leaks in a rusty, defective water pipe that ran parallel with the sewer line. to meet public regulations, the water pipe, of a type no longer approved for such service, had to be replaced either then or later, when the yard would have to be excavated again. the plumbing company proceeded to repair the water pipe. though richardson inspected the company's work daily and did not express any objection to the extra work involved in replacing the water pipe, she refused to pay any part of the total bill after the company completed the entire operation. j.c. flood company then sued richardson for the costs of labor and material it had furnished. (c) for what, if anything, should richardson be liable? explain."

Aprimary advantage of organizing economic activity within firms is thea. ability to coordinate highly complex tasks to allow for specialized division of labor. b. low administrative costs because of reduced bureaucracy. c. eradication of the principal-agent problem. d. high-powered incentive to work as salaried employees for an existing firm.

Contrast two economies that transitioned to capitalism and explain what factors affected the ease kf their transition as welas the “face” of capitalism that each has adopted