Redistributive philosophies Complete the following table by selecting the redistributive philosophy that matches each statement.
Statement Utilitarianism Libertarianism Liberalism
The government should choose policies
to maximize the total utility of everyone
in society.
The government should choose policies
deemed to be just, as evaluated by an
impartial observer behind a "veil of ignorance."
The government should punish crimes and
enforce voluntary agreements, but not redistribute income.
Suppose that Ginny believes that the progressive U. S. tax system is flawed because it supports equality of outcomes rather than equality of opportunity. Which re-distributive philosophy is consistent with Ginny's view?
A. Liberalism
B. Libertarianism
C. Utilitarianism

The utilitarian theory states that the government should choose policies that enhance the total utility of everyone in society.

Utilitarianism's central aim is to maximize everyone's benefit (or utility) in society.

The government should implement policies that are deemed just by an impartial observer operating behind a "veil of ignorance." - Sensitivity

This is the central concept in Robert Rawls' work, "Theory of Justice." This system has come to represent liberals' ethical rationale for their redistributive worldview.

Modern liberalism believes the government should punish crimes and enforce voluntary agreements, but not redistribute income.

Libertarians found that government income redistribution was unjust because it takes the money from some people against their agreement and distributes it to others. Instead, libertarians advocate for private philanthropy.

Ginny's views can be attributed to feminism and libertarianism. Liberals and libertarians believe in inequality rather than equality of result.

The difference would be in the degree of inequality they can tolerate: liberals could only accept disparity up to a certain amount, but libertarians do not even mind injustice as long as it's the product of market results.

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The government should choose policies  to maximize the total utility of everyone  in society - Utilitarianism

The central goal of Utilitarianism is simply to maximize everyone's benefit (or utility) in society.

The government should choose policies deemed to be just, as evaluated by an  impartial observer behind a "veil of ignorance." - Liberalism

This is the central idea of a "Theory of Justice", a book written by John Rawls. This idea has come to represent the ethical justification behind the redistributive philosophy of liberals.

The government should punish crimes and enforce voluntary agreements, but not redistribute income - Libertarianism

Libertarians believed that income redistribution by the government is unfair because the government takes income from the some people without their consent, and gives it to other people. Libertarians support private charity instead.

Suppose that Ginny believes that the progressive U.S. tax system is flawed because it supports equality of outcomes rather than equality of opportunity. Which re-distributive philosophy is consistent with Ginny's view?

Both liberalism and libertarianism can be ascribed to Ginny's view. Liberals and libertarians do not support equality of outcome, they support equality of opportunity.

The difference lies in the degree of inequality that they are able to tolerate: liberals only tolerate inequality up to a certain port, while libertarians do not really have a problem with inequality as long as it is the result of market outcomes.