The Barings Bank collapsed in 1995 after it was found that an employee had lost over $1.3 billion of the bank’s assets on the market. The collapse occurred when an arbitrage trader was responsible for both managing trades and guaranteeing that trades were settled and reported according to proper procedures. To which of the following causes is this collapse attributed?

A) poor risk assessment
B) lack of access management
C) lack of separation of duties
D) poor controls design