In the context of motivation, which of the following is a difference between initiation of effort and direction of effort?

a. Initiation of effort is concerned with the amount of expectation a manager holds on the efforts that he or she can expect from an employee, whereas direction of effort is concerned with the accountability of each action taken by an employee toward the achievement of set goals.

b. Initiation of effort is concerned with the choices that people make about how long they will put forth effort in their jobs before reducing or eliminating those efforts, whereas direction of effort is concerned with the choices that people make about how much effort to put forth in their jobs.

c. Initiation of effort is concerned with how much effort an employee puts in when comparing his or her current job prospects with the other available opportunities, whereas direction of effort is concerned with the number of job offers an employee rejects before choosing the one that appears the most appropriate to him or her.

d. Initiation of effort is concerned with the choices that people make about how much effort to put forth in their jobs, whereas direction of effort is concerned with the choices that people make in deciding where to put forth effort in their jobs.