Researchers have measured the outcome of psychotherapy by doing all of the following except .
1. assessing the reduction in spending on medical services when psychotherapy is provided
2. using PET and fMRI scans to view changes in the brain subsequent to psychotherapy
3. surveying clients about their experiences in psychotherapy
4. comparing hemoglobin levels between those with and without mental disorders

4. comparing hemoglobin levels between those with and without mental disorders

Explanation:

- Assessing the reduction in spending on medical services when psychotherapy is provided.

- Using PET and fMRI scans to view changes in the brain subsequent to psychotherapy.

- Surveying clients about their experiences in psychotherapy.

Researchers have measured the outcome of psychotherapy by doing all of the above except comparing hemoglobin levels between those with and without mental disorders.

better off having an absolute

answer; importance to people; or acceptance;