First-mover disadvantages refer to:
A. disadvantages associated with entering a foreign market before other international businesses.
B. costs that a late entrant to a foreign market has to bear.
C. a direct restriction on the quantity of a good that can be imported into a country.
D. imperfections in the operation of the market mechanism.
E. disadvantages experienced by being a late entrant in a foreign market.

A. disadvantages associated with entering a foreign market before other international businesses.

Explanation:

First-mover disadvantages refer to:  

A. disadvantages associated with entering a foreign market before other international businesses.  

Option A.

Explanation:

A first mover can be referred to as a service or product that gains a competitive advantage by being the first to enter a particular market with a product or service. Being a first-mover can enable a company to establish a strong brand recognition, and gain customer loyalty before competitors can enter the market. Another advantage is that a producer has enough time to perfect his/her product or service before the appearance of competitors, and also setting the market price for the innovative commodity.

However, there can also be disadvantages which are linked to entering a foreign market before other international businesses, and they can be referred to as first-mover disadvantages. These disadvantages may manifest in the form of pioneering costs, which are the costs that an early entrant must bear, but a later entrant can avoid.

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