The price of a stock, which pays no dividends, is $30 and the strike price of a one year European call option on the stock is $25. The risk-free rate is 4% (continuously compounded). Which of the following is a lower bound for the option such that there are arbitrage opportunities if the price is below the lower bound and no arbitrage opportunities if it is above the lower bound?
A.$5.00
B.$5.98
C.$4.98
D.$3.98

Two firms, a and b, each currently emit 100 tons of chemicals into the air. the government has decided to reduce the pollution and from now on will require a pollution permit for each ton of pollution emitted into the air. the government gives each firm 40 pollution permits, which it can either use or sell to the other firm. it costs firm a $200 for each ton of pollution that it eliminates before it is emitted into the air, and it costs firm b $100 for each ton of pollution that it eliminates before it is emitted into the air. after the two firms buy or sell pollution permits from each other, we would expect that firm a will emit a. 100 fewer tons of pollution into the air, and firm b will emit 20 fewer tons of pollution into the air. b. 20 more tons of pollution into the air, and firm b will emit 100 fewer tons of pollution into the air. c. 50 fewer tons of pollution into the air, and firm b will emit 50 fewer tons of pollution into the air. d. 20 fewer tons of pollution into the air, and firm b will emit 100 fewer tons of pollution into the air.