For each of the following situations, indicate the amount of the penalty that could be imposed on the tax return preparer: a. A tax return preparer understates the taxpayer's tax liability with a frivolous position and does not disclose the position. The greater of $ or percent of the income derived by the tax preparer for an undisclosed unrealistic position. b. A tax return preparer fails to furnish his identifying number. $ c. A tax return preparer aids a taxpayer (an individual) in understating a tax liability. $ d. A tax return preparer endorses and cashes a client's tax refund check.

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e.g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.

The following costs were incurred in may: direct materials $ 44,800 direct labor $ 29,000 manufacturing overhead $ 29,300 selling expenses $ 26,800 administrative expenses $ 37,100 conversion costs during the month totaled:

Adisadvantage of corporations is that shareholders have to pay on profits.