Kahneman and Tversky used experiments to examine how people actually make decisions about risk. The researchers found a multi-step process with editing and evaluating phases. People showed a strong preference to avoid losses, much more than probability or expected value would suggest. Their name for this process is .

You wish to retire in 13 years, at which time you want to have accumulated enough money to receive an annual annuity of $23,000 for 18 years after retirement. during the period before retirement you can earn 9 percent annually, while after retirement you can earn 11 percent on your money. what annual contributions to the retirement fund will allow you to receive the $23,000 annuity? use appendix c and appendix d for an approximate answer, but calculate your final answer using the formula and financial calculator methods.