refers to difficulties in the communication process that might arise due to some type of interference or distortion that occurs during transmission of a message, resulting in disruption of the communication process.

Afirm's before-tax cost of debt, rd, is the interest rate that the firm must pay on debt. because interest is tax deductible, the relevant cost of debt used to calculate a firm's wacc is the cost of debt, rd (1 – t). the cost of debt is used in calculating the wacc because we are interested in maximizing the value of the firm's stock, and the stock price depends on cash flows. it is important to emphasize that the cost of debt is the interest rate on debt, not debt because our primary concern with the cost of capital is its use in capital budgeting decisions. the rate at which the firm has borrowed in the past is because we need to know the cost of capital. for these reasons, the on outstanding debt (which reflects current market conditions) is a better measure of the cost of debt than the . the on the company's -term debt is generally used to calculate the cost of debt because more often than not, the capital is being raised to fund -term projects. quantitative problem: 5 years ago, barton industries issued 25-year noncallable, semiannual bonds with a $1,600 face value and a 8% coupon, semiannual payment ($64 payment every 6 months). the bonds currently sell for $845.87. if the firm's marginal tax rate is 40%, what is the firm's after-tax cost of debt? round your answer to 2 decimal places. do not round intermediate calcu

Why are the four primary service outputs of spatial convenience, lot size, waiting time, and product variety important to logistics management? provide examples of competing firms that differ in the level of each service output provided to customers?

In 2000, campbell soup company launched an ad campaign that showed prepubescent boys offering soup to prepubescent girls. the girls declined because they were concerned about their calorie intake. the boys explained that “lots of campbell’s soups are low in calories,” which made them ok for the girls to eat. the ads were pulled after parents expressed concern. why were parents worried? i