Which of the following will have the effect of decreasing retained earnings? a. A net loss for the year b. Declaration of a cash dividend or Declaration of a 5% stock dividend or Declaration of a property dividend c. Resale of treasury stock for less than book value assuming no previous treasury stock sales. d. All of these will decrease retained earnings e. None of these will decrease retained earnings

d. All of these will decrease retained earnings

Explanation:

As we know that

The ending balance of retained earning = Beginning balance of retained earnings + net income - dividend paid

The net income increase the balance of retained earnings while the net loss and dividend reduces the retained earning balance

So, the effect of decrease in retained earning can be through net loss, dividend with respect to cash , stock, property, etc , plus resale of treasury stock which is less than the book value

Therefore, D option is correct

cognitive overload: having a lot on your mind impairs decision-making and tends to result in the simplest, but not necessarily best, option being selected.

empathy gaps: overlooking how you might feel in a different situation can result in unnecessary purchases, such as overbuying when shopping for food on an empty stomach.

optimism and overconfidence: wearing rose-tinted glasses and having unrealistic expectations about the future can affect money management and leave you unprepared for a change in circumstance.

instant gratification: seeking instant gratification drives impulsive spending and can undermine long-term planning and savings.

harmful habits: automatic or mindless behaviour can amplify a poor financial decision as it becomes a recurring event.

social norms: we are heavily influenced by the actions of others; while this can be in certain circumstances, it also contributes to the pressure to keep up with the joneses through conspicuous consumption.

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explanation:

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