Refining estimates may be necessary for a number of reasons. For example, resource shortages, in the form of people, equipment, or materials, can extend original estimates. This is a good example of .

This is a good example of Normal conditions not applying.

Explanation:

Estimates are supposed to be based on normal conditions. Although, this is a good starting point, it seldomly holds true in real life. Therefore, refining estimates is necessary in handling resource shortages such as in the form of people, equipment, or materials can extend original estimates. This is a good example of Normal conditions not applying.

Normal conditions not applying

Explanation: Refining estimates involves improving on the accuracy, or excellence of a rough calculation or assessment of the value, size, or cost of something. Estimates are supposed to be based on normal conditions. While this is a good starting point, it rarely holds true in real life due to certain variables. Situations such as these are known as "normal conditions not applying" and have been known to extend original estimates. Resource shortages as an example of normal conditions not applying could extend estimates because additional provisions have to be made for the acquisition of more needed resources.

i think the answer to your question is b. directive