A local college is deciding whether to conduct a campus beautification initiative that would involve various projects, such as planting trees and remodeling buildings, to make the campus more aesthetically pleasing. Thus, the visual appearance would For the students of the college, the visual appearance of the campus is (non-rival/rival) and (non-excludable/excludable). Thus, the visual appearance would be classified as a public good.
Suppose the college administrators estimate that the beautification initiative will cost $4,400. To decide whether the initiative should be undertaken, administrators conduct a survey of the college's 300 students, asking each of them their willingness-to-pay for the beautification project. The average willingness-to-pay, as revealed by the survey, is $11.
The benefit of the beatification initiative, as suggested by the survey, is $. Because the estimated benefit is (less/greater) than the cost, the college administrators (should/should not) undertake the beautification initiative.
The calculation of the benefit of the beatification initiative relied on the ability of the administrators to accurately capture the true willingness-to-pay of each student. Which of the following scenarios would cause the survey used by the college administrators to yield misleading willingness-to-pay data?
A. An equal number of male and female students were surveyed.
B. Students believe that if the initiative does not happen, the funds for the initiative will not be spent elsewhere.

Ticker services began operations in 2015 and maintains long-term investments in available-for-sale securities. the year-end cost and fair values for its portfolio of these investments follow.portfolio of available-for-sale securities cost fair valuedecember 31, 2015 $ 369,060 $ 357,988 december 31, 2016 420,728 445,972 december 31, 2017 572,190 676,901 december 31, 2018 864,007 768,966 prepare journal entries to record each year-end fair value adjustment for these securities.calculation adjustment required to fair value adjustment.12/31/15 existing balance in fair value adjustment-afs (lt) required balance in fair value adjustment-afs (lt) adjustment required to fair value adjustment-afs (lt) 12/31/16 existing balance in fair value adjustment-afs (lt) required balance in fair value adjustment-afs (lt) adjustment required to fair value adjustment-afs (lt) 12/31/17 existing balance in fair value adjustment-afs (lt) required balance in fair value adjustment-afs (lt) adjustment required to fair value adjustment-afs (lt) 12/31/18 existing balance in fair value adjustment-afs (lt) required balance in fair value adjustment-afs (lt) adjustment required to fair value adjustment-afs (lt) record the year-end adjusting entry for the securities portfolio as of december 31, 2015.date general journal debit creditdec 31, 2015 record the year-end adjusting entry for the securities portfolio as of december 31, 2016.date general journal debit creditdec 31, 2016 record the year-end adjusting entry for the securities portfolio as of december 31, 2017.date general journal debit creditdec 31, 2017 record the year-end adjusting entry for the securities portfolio as of december 31, 2018.date general journal debit creditdec 31, 2018