Establishing a hierarchy to let all management and employees know what is going on in a company would be an example of what element of internal control?

Information and communication

Explanation:

Internal control refers to the management procedures in place used to accomplish the objectives such as promote efficient and effective operations,  ensure the reliability and integrity of financial information, safeguard the organisation's assets, etc. A good system of internal control is essential to the availability of information and a clear and obvious strategy for communicating obligations and expectations.

i think you have to let the moderators that you want your old account to be activated.

the investment was $14,174.196

explanation:

a lump sum means that the father of the example made one deposit and leave it be.

we need to know the value of a capital that generated at 4.05% per year during 28 years the sum of $48,613.24

now clearing the formula to solve for capital we got:

and we reach the answer investment = $14,174.20