In 2015 Chara incurred a loan to pay for qualified higher education expenses for her 20-year-old granddaughter, who was a dependent. In 2019 her granddaughter graduated from college, moved away to start a new job, and ceased to be a dependent on Chara’s tax return. Chara started making payments on the loan in 2019. Without regard to any modified AGI limitations, is Chara permitted to deduct interest on the loan?

Consider two similar industries, portal crane manufacturing (pcm) and forklift manufacturing (flm). the pcm industry has exactly three incumbents with annual sales of $800 million, $200 million and $100 million, respectively. the flm industry has also exactly three incumbents, with annual sales of $500 million, $450 million and $400 million, respectively. which industry is more likely to experience a higher level of rivalry?