Consider a European call option on a non-dividend-paying stock where the stock price is $40, the strike price is $40, the risk-free rate is 4% per annum, the volatility is 30% per annum, and the time to maturity is 6 months. (a) Calculate u, d, and p for a two-step tree. (b) Value the option using a two-step tree. (c) Verify that R/RStudio gives the same answer. (d) Use R/RStudio to value the option with 5, 50, 100, and 500 time steps.

answer; (inseparability);

being born in poverty would limit the people's chances, opportunities and benefits.

this happen because of several things, such as:

- poor people tend to gain less access to good education and nutrition. this mean that their chance to obtain high paying jobs would also be limited.

- poor people tend to socialize with other poor people while the rich tend to socialize with other rich people. this means that simply throguh their social circle, rich people would have more business opportunities compared to the poor people.

- rich people tend to have more capital in their disposal. this would benefit them in business since it is far easier for them to fund their business operation compared to poor people.

in terms of experimental research, mcdonald’s charging different prices in the two cities relates to

you have to put the parentheses like this:

in fact, you have to perform the operation inside parentheses first, and then proceed in order: