"in employees decide how motivated they are by evaluating the likelihood that their effort will produce a certain level of performance and that a certain level of performance will lead to a reward, as well as how much they value the reward being offered."

There is a cost associated with each source of financing. discuss the cost of debt, preferred stock, common stock, and retained earnings in detail. which source of financing is typically less expensive? why? why do financial managers try to determine the optimal capital mix? be specific.

Insurance companies have internal controls in place to protect assets, monitor the accuracy of accounting records and encourage operational efficiencies and adherence to policies. these internal controls are generally of two types: administrative controls and accounting controls. administrative controls are the policies and procedures that guide the daily actions of employees. accounting controls are the policies and procedures that delineate authorizations of financial transactions that are done, safeguard assets, and provide reports on the company’s financial status in a reliable and timely manner. internal controls should include both preventative and detective controls. the purpose of preventative controls is to stop problems and errors before they occur. detective controls identify problems after they have occurred. preventative controls are usually more effective at reducing problems, but they also tend to be more expensive. internal controls must be flexible to adjust for changes in laws and regulations in addition to adding new products or modifying current ones. companies must also do regular analyses to ensure that the benefits of implementing the controls are worth their costs. when concerned about paying unwarranted insurance claims which type of control would be useful?

Penelope summers received certain income benefits in 2018. she received $1,400 of state unemployment insurance benefits, $2,000 from a federal unemployment trust fund and $3,700 workers’ compensation received for an occupational injury. what amount of the compensation must penelope include in her income