Copper conduit, inc., and dependable electric company sign an agreement that provides for the payment of "$1,000 by whichever party commits a material breach of the contract that creates damages difficult to estimate but approximately $1,000." this is:
a) a liquidated damages clause.
b) a mitigation-of-damages clause.
c) a waiver-of-breach clause.
d) a penalty clause.

Casey communications recently issued new common stock and used the proceeds to pay off some of its short-term notes payable. this action had no effect on the company's total assets or operating income. which of the following effects would occur as a result of this action? a. the company's current ratio increased.b. the company's times interest earned ratio decreased.c. the company's basic earning power ratio increased.d. the company's equity multiplier increased.e. the company's debt ratio increased.