Natural monopoly occurs when

(a) long-run average costs decline continuously through the range of demand.
(b) economies of scale are obtained at relatively low levels of output.
(c) a firm owns or controls some resource essential to production.
(d) long-run average costs rise continuously as output is increased.

Needs 83,000 optical switches next year (assume same relevant range). by outsourcing them, worldsystems can use its idle facilities to manufacture another product that will contribute $ 140,000 to operating income, but none of the fixed costs will be avoidable. should worldsystems make or buy the switches? show your analysis.

The selling price of houses would be most likely to decrease if there were first a decrease in which of the following? a. new-housing construction. b. mortgage interest rates. c. the unemployment rate. d. construction workers' wages. 2b2t

Using a cps-sample of 7,440 individuals, you estimate the following regression: = 20.91 - 2.61 x female where female is a binary variable that takes on the value of 1 for females and is 0 otherwise. the standard error on the coefficient on female is 0.25. the 95% confidence interval for the gender wage gap, or the amount that females earn less, is: a) [-3.10, -2.12] b) [18.30, 23.52] c) [-3.02, -2.20] d) [-1.96, -1.64]