For each of the following inventory errors occurring in 2018, determine the effect of the error on 2018's cost of goods sold, net income, and retained earnings using understated (u), overstated (o), or no effect (ne). assume that the error is not discovered until 2019 and that a periodic inventory system is used. ignore income taxes. cost of net retained goods sold income earnings 1. overstatement of ending inventory 2. overstatement of purchases 3. understatement of beginning inventory 4.freight-in charges are understated 5. understatement of ending inventory 6. understatement of purchases 7. overstatement of beginning inventory 8. understatement of purchases plus understatement of ending inventory by the same amount

On january 1, 2017, fisher corporation purchased 40 percent (90,000 shares) of the common stock of bowden, inc. for $980,000 in cash and began to use the equity method for the investment. the price paid represented a $48,000 payment in excess of the book value of fisher's share of bowden's underlying net assets. fisher was willing to make this extra payment because of a recently developed patent held by bowden with a 15-year remaining life. all other assets were considered appropriately valued on bowden's books. bowden declares and pays a $90,000 cash dividend to its stockholders each year on september 15. bowden reported net income of $400,000 in 2017 and $348,000 in 2018. each income figure was earned evenly throughout its respective year. on july 1, 2018, fisher sold 10 percent (22,500 shares) of bowden's outstanding shares for $338,000 in cash. although it sold this interest, fisher maintained the ability to significantly influence bowden's decision-making process. prepare the journal entries for fisher for the years of 2017 and 2018. (if no entry is required for a transaction/event, select "no journal entry required" in the first account field. do not round intermediate calculations. round your final answers to the nearest whole dollar.)

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e.g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.

John has served as the chief operating officer (coo) for business graphics, inc., a publicly owned firm, the past 5 years. which of the following statements about john is correct? both john and the ceo of business graphics must certify to the sec that the firm's financial statements are accurate. as the coo, john will be ranked higher than the ceo but still below the cfo. in john's postition as the coo, it is highly unlikely that he would also be the chairperson of the board of directors. as the coo, john would typically be involved with accounting, finance, and asset purchase decisions.