Suppose the fixed interest rate on a loan is 5.75% and the rate of inflation is expected to be 4.25%. the real interest rate is 1.5%. suppose now that instead of 4.25%, the inflation rate unexpectedly reaches 5.5%. who gains and who loses from this unanticipated inflation?

(mark all that apply.)

a. lenders gain from a lower real interest rate.

b. borrowers gain from a lower real interest rate.

c. borrowers lose from a lower real interest rate.

d. lenders lose from a lower real interest rate.

David paid $975,000 for two beachfront lots in coastal south carolina, with the intention of building residential homes on each. two years later, the south carolina legislature passed the beachfront management act, barring any further development of the coast, including david's lots. when david files a complaint to seek compensation for his property, south carolina refuses, pointing to a passage in david's own complaint that states "the beachfront management act [was] properly and validly designed to south carolina's " is south carolina required to compensate david under the takings clause?