Apenetration pricing strategy is most likely to be used when pricing objectives focus

a. preventing competitive entry by signaling competitors that profit potential is limited due to small or non-existent margins.
b. manipulating consumers' psychological impressions of price as an indicator of product quality or status.
c. maximizing profits on a per unit basis.
d. pricing at the same level as competitors to avoid potential price wars
e. penetration pricing cannot be used in any of the situations suggested above.

1) the stages a new product goes through from beginning to end, i.e., the stages that a product passes through from introduction through growth, maturity, and decline. 2) the time from initial research and development to the time at which sales and support of the product to customers are withdrawn. 3) the period of time during which a product can be produced and marketed profitably.

                                          hope it

answer(d) encourage cooperation by improving the chances of mutually agreeable transactions;

it's obviously d. it could be c though.