Ronald is a cash method taxpayer who made the following expenditures this year. which expenditure is completely deductible in this period as a business expense?

a. $4,000 for rent on his office that covers the next 24 months.
b. $3,000 for a new watch for the mayor to keep "good relations" with the city hall.
c. $2,500 for professional hockey tickets distributed to a customer to generate "goodwill" for his business.
d. $55 to collect an account receivable from a customer who has failed to pay for services rendered.
e. none of these is completely deductible.

Laval produces lamps and home lighting fixtures. its most popular product is a brushed aluminum desk lamp. this lamp is made from components shaped in the fabricating department and assembled in the assembly department. information related to the 22,000 desk lamps produced annually follows.direct materials $280,000direct labor fabricating department (8,000 dlh × $24 per dlh) $192,000assembly department (16,600 dlh × $26 per dlh) $431,600machine hours fabricating department $15,200mhassembly department $20,850mhexpected overhead cost and related data for the two production departments follow.fabricating assemblydirect labor hours 150,000dlh 295,000dlhmachine hours 161,000mh 128,000mhoverhead cost $400,000 430,000required1. determine the plantwide overhead rate for laval using direct labor hours as a base.2. determine the total manufacturing cost per unit for the aluminum desk lamp using the plantwide overhead rate.3. compute departmental overhead rates based on machine hours in the fabricating department and direct labor hours in the assembly department.4. use departmental overhead rates from requirement 3 to determine the total manufacturing cost per unit for the aluminum desk lamps.