Menu costs refers to:
a) when producers are fooled by price changes in the short run
b) when workers are fooled by price changes in the short run
c) the costs associated with changing prices, such as printing new catalogs or changing displays
d) the fact that input costs are often fixed in the short term

Goals that are overly ambitious can discourage employees and decrease motivation, yet the idea of stretch goals is proposed as a way to get people fired up and motivated. as a manager, how might you decide where to draw the line between a “good” stretch goal and a “bad” one that is unrealistic?

Each of the following scenarios is based on facts in anactual fraud. categorize each scenario as primarily indicating (1) anincentive to commit fraud, (2) an opportunity to commit fraud, or(3) a rationalization for committing fraud. also state your reasoningfor each scenario.a. there was intense pressure to keep the corporation ' stock from declining further. this pressure came from investors, analysts,and the ceo, whose financial well-being was significantly dependent on the corporation ' s stock price.b. a group of top-level management was compensated (mostly in the form of stock-options) well in excess of what would be considered normal for their positions in this industry.c. top management of the company closely guards internal financial information, to the extent that even some employees on a “need-to-know basis” are denied full access.d. managing specific financial ratios is very important to the company, and both management and analysts are keenly observant of variability in key ratios. key ratios for the company changed very little even though the ratios for the overall industry were quite volatile during the time period.e. in an effort to reduce certain accrued expenses to meet budget targets, the cfo directs the general accounting department to reallocate a division’s expenses by a significant amount. the general accounting department refuses to acquiesce to the request, but the journal entry is made trough the corporate office. an accountant in the general accounting department is uncomfortable with the journal entries required to reallocate divisional expenses. he brings his concerns to the cfo, who assures him that everything will be fine and that the entries are necessary. the accountant considers resigning, but he does not have another job lined up and is worried about supporting his family. therefore, he never voices his concerns to either the internal or external auditors.f. accounting records were either nonexistent or in a state of such disorganization that significant effort was required to locate or compile them.

Apharmaceutical packaging company (ppc) has decided to reorganize its processes into cells. the company has four different production operations, each requiring a unique piece of equipment. the names and functions of the four pieces of equipment are sort, count, place, and package. the company packages five different families of products (a, b, c, d, and e). the tables below indicate the demand (total units/day by product family), required operations, and operation cycle times for each product family. assume that any individual piece of equipment is available to operate 16 hours/day, but 2 hours (in total) are lost each day on each piece of equipment due to breaks and meetings when operators are not available to operate the equipment. how many minutes/day are available for production