People from the united states pledged $3.3 billion to support the rebuilding efforts in haiti following the 2010 earthquake there. however, after 3 years, half of the money has not been dispersed, and nearly 500,000 people still live in tents. as a result, many who have made pledges have decided not to fulfill the remainder of their pledges because of the inaction on the part of the relief fund in getting the funds dispersed, the buildings rebuilt, and the housing constructed. what issue is there about whether there is a contractual obligation?
a. whether there can be a pledge across country borders.
b. whether a pledge to make a gift is supported by consideration.
c. the inability to enforce international contracts.
d. whether the pledges were in writing.

Richardson hired j.c. flood company, a plumbing contractor, to correct a stoppage in the sewer line of her house. the plumbing company's 'snake' device, used to clear the line leading to the main sewer, became caught in the underground line. to release it, the company excavated a portion of the sewer line in richardson's backyard. in the process, the company discovered numerous leaks in a rusty, defective water pipe that ran parallel with the sewer line. to meet public regulations, the water pipe, of a type no longer approved for such service, had to be replaced either then or later, when the yard would have to be excavated again. the plumbing company proceeded to repair the water pipe. though richardson inspected the company's work daily and did not express any objection to the extra work involved in replacing the water pipe, she refused to pay any part of the total bill after the company completed the entire operation. j.c. flood company then sued richardson for the costs of labor and material it had furnished. (c) for what, if anything, should richardson be liable? explain."