One of the advantages of a database approach is program-data independence. this means that it is
a. a centralized system, thereby making it easier to enforce access restrictions.
b. easier to evolve and alter software to changing business needs when data and programs are independent.
c. easier to deploy and control data access using a centralized system.
d. a centralized system, thereby making it much easier to enforce standards and rules for data creation, modification, naming, and deletion.
e. useful for eliminating redundancy, thereby reducing the possibilities of inconsistency.

He set of companies a product goes through on the way to the consumer is called the a. economic utility b. cottage industry c. market saturation d. distribution chain

5. profit maximization and shutting down in the short run suppose that the market for polos is a competitive market. the following graph shows the daily cost curves of a firm operating in this market. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 price (dollars per polo) quantity (thousands of polos) mc atc avc for each price in the following table, calculate the firm's optimal quantity of units to produce, and determine the profit or loss if it produces at that quantity, using the data from the previous graph to identify its total variable cost. assume that if the firm is indifferent between producing and shutting down, it will produce. (hint: you can select the purple points [diamond symbols] on the previous graph to see precise information on average variable cost.) price quantity total revenue fixed cost variable cost profit (dollars per polo) (polos) (dollars) (dollars) (dollars) (dollars) 12.50 135,000 27.50 135,000 45.00 135,000 if the firm shuts down, it must incur its fixed costs (fc) in the short run. in this case, the firm's fixed cost is $135,000 per day. in other words, if it shuts down, the firm would suffer losses of $135,000 per day until its fixed costs end (such as the expiration of a building lease). this firm's shutdown price—that is, the price below which it is optimal for the firm to shut down—is per polo.

What are two benefits of consumer programs