Angelo’s boss frequently exhorts his subordinates to work harder by promising them a substantial bonus at the end of each quarter. however, bonuses are only sporadically awarded regardless of meeting performance goals. as a result, angelo’s may be low.

Valence

Explanation:

According to Victor Kroom, creator of the Expectancy Theory, valence is the significance associated by an individual about the expected outcome. It is an expected and not the actual satisfaction that an employee expects to receive after achieving the goals.

Instrumentality is the correct answer.

Explanation:

The term instrumentality refers to a personal trait associated with the capacity of being focused in a competitive way, objective and to make decisions easily. In this case, if Angelo doesn't receive what he has been promised even though the goals are reached, this capacity may be low because of the lack of rewards.

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