The chief advantages of a centralized organizational structure include having a small number of top-level managers micromanage the business by
(a) requiring lower-level subordinates to obtain top management approval before taking action on their own and personally making most decisions themselves.
(b) increased likelihood of arriving at the "best" decision from the standpoint of the company as a whole.
(c) making it easy to know who is accountable when things do not go well and reducing the potential for conflicting decisions and actions among lower-level managers who may have differing perspectives and ideas about how to tackle certain tasks or resolve particular issues.
(d) speedy decision-makingâbecause the manager-in-charge of an organizational unit has the authority to decide what to do without consulting others (there is no requirement to spend time gathering and processing information from others).
(e) faster implementation of new ideas for doing things better and increased ability to reduce the layers of managerial bureaucracy.

Bond x is noncallable and has 20 years to maturity, a 7% annual coupon, and a $1,000 par value. your required return on bond x is 10%; if you buy it, you plan to hold it for 5 years. you (and the market) have expectations that in 5 years, the yield to maturity on a 15-year bond with similar risk will be 9.5%. how much should you be willing to pay for bond x today? (hint: you will need to know how much the bond will be worth at the end of 5 years.) do not round intermediate calculations. round your answer to the nearest cent.

Describe the three different ways the argument section of a cover letter can be formatted

When paul o’neill joined alcoa as ceo, he set a , that there would be zero workplace accidents. a lot of people in the organization thought this was impossible given how dangerous some aluminum-manufacturing jobs are, but alcoa’s safety record improved tremendously. as the board of governors of the american red cross considers planning, one option is to make strategic plans and then direct managers to align tactical and operational plans accordingly. another option is to have planning specialists managers across the organization make their own plans. why might this organization’s executives opt for the latter approach? check all that apply. (a) the environment is a dynamic one, and department and frontline managers can come up with more responsive plans than can central leadership. (b)resources will be better coordinated across the organization in support of the overall strategy.(c) senior leadership will have more control over the organization’s direction. (d)when managers come up with their own plans, they are likely to be more committed to following through on them.