Harvey is considering implementing team-building management in his company. he wants to start with teams that work on the production line. he wants groups of five to fifteen people, responsible for one clearly defined product, and he wants them trained to be able to perform each other's tasks. harvey believes that effective teams permit free expression of feelings as well as ideas, have members who listen to each other, and have well-understood tasks and objectives. cynthia is a first-line supervisor in harvey's company. she has a high, balanced valuing of both her people and their productivity. she seeks to be proactive in her management and works hard at rewarding the contribution of ideas and recognizing accomplishments. william, in contrast, is far more task-oriented and is more concerned with production than with his people. to william, employees are instruments of production. refer to case 12.1. william's leadership style deomonstrates which leadership style in the ohio state study?

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e.g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.