which statement best explains how the effect on a particular allele can change the genetic makeup of a population over time?
an allele that increased the chances of a member finding shelter will appear in a larger percentage of the next generation’s offspring.
an allele that increases the chances of a member cooperating with other members will appear in a larger percentage of the next generation’s offspring.
an allele that increases the chances of a member reproducing will appear in a larger percentage of the next generation’s offspring.

The correct answer is-

An allele that increases the chances of a member reproducing will appear in a larger percentage of the next generation’s offspring.

Change in genetic makeup of a population over time ( representing alteration in the gene frequency of the population) indicates that the population is evolving.

According to natural selection (an evolutionary process), individuals that are capable of adapting better (due to beneficial allele) in the changing environmental conditions, survive and increase their number through reproduction.

Over time, the genetic makeup of the population will be changed as the organisms that do not have beneficial allele for their survival, are eliminated from the population.

Thus, last option is the right answer.

both anaerobic and aerobic respiration use glucose (or other carbohydrates), proteins and lipids to produce atp and nadh. cell uses those energy molecules, obtained from food and   breaks them down during the chemical reactions of respiration. in anaerobic respiration, nadh is regenerated to nad+ by enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (lactate is produced, e.g. in muscle cells) or by alcohol dehydrogenase where ethanol is produced (alcohol fermentation), while in aerobic respiration, electrons from nadh are deposited in the mitochondria to regenerate nad+ (electron transport chain. anaerobic respiration produces 2 atp per molecule of glucose compared to aerobic respiration where about 38 atp molecules are produced.

substitution is the answer in this case