Fossils almost never contain dna. so how can we know how closely or distantly related fossil organisms are to living organisms?

Firstly, similarities in physical features are determined; such as determining homologous, analogous and paralogous structures . Thereafter, chemical tests such as radiometric, relative or absolute carbon dating could be used to tell the age of the fossil. By comparing the anatomies of both modern and extinct species, paleontologists can infer the lineages of those species. This approach is most successful for organisms that had hard body parts, such as shells, bones or teeth.

multiplying and dividing the two decimals and the eqations by the same number of the overalls

answer: ice crystals in air

the water from the water body or another source of water gets evaporated as water vapor as an effect of heat on water. these water vapor rises in the upper layers of the earth atmosphere under high atmospheric pressure. the atmospheric pressure of these water molecules starts to decrease due to the effect of cold air. the invisible water vapor condenses into visible water droplets and ice crystals.these ice crystals and water droplets being less denser than the surrounding air floats on air as clouds.